Wednesday, June 5, 2013

Greek and Roman Mythology



 

While mythological characters haven’t been dinner-table topics for quite some time, they are undeniably playing roles in our daily lives. As such, these Greek and Roman mythological characters have enlivened English speeches for centuries. Welcome to the world of mythology!!!



GREEK
ROMAN
TITLE
Aphrodite
Venus
goddess of love and beauty
Apollo
Apollo
god of music,poetry,and the sun
Ares
Mars
god of war
Artemis
Diana
goddess of the moon
Asclepius
Aesculapius
god of medicine
Athena
Minerva
goddess of wisdom
Cronus
Saturn
god of the sky and agriculture
Demeter
Ceres
goddess of fertility and crops
Dionysus
Bacchus
god of wine,ecstacy
Eros
Cupid
god of love
Gaea
Terra
Mother Earth
Hades
Dis/Pluto
god of the underworld
Hephaestus
Vulcan
god of fire,craftsman for the god
Hera
Juno
queen of the gods;goddess of marriage
Hermes
Mercury
messenger of the gods,travel
Persephone
Proserpina
queen of the underworld
Poseidon
Neptune
god of the sea
Zeus
Jupiter
ruler of the gods



 Zeus,the King
Zeus is acknowledged as the leader of the new generation of gods. He is consistently identified as the sky-god. Many of his attributes and titles are attributed to his functions as the god of the sky, e.g Rainer, Thunderer, Cloud Gatherer, Lightning God, Sender of Fair Winds.


Division of Authority
Zeus and his brothers determine the spheres of their authority: Zeus won the sky; Poseidon, the sea; and Hades, the underworld. The surface of the Earth and Mt. Olympus are neutral territories.

Hera
The wife of Zeus, Hera, is considered as the queen of the Olympians. Her name is originally a title which meant “Our Lady” or “Great Lady”. She became greatly associated with the Earth, chiefly with marriage and childbirth. Her Roman name is Juno. Due to her husband’s tendency to womanize, Hera is pictured as a wife who was troubled by her husband’s apparent infidelities. Since she could not directly punish the ruler of the gods, she takes vengeance on his mistresses or even on the children produced from these romances.


Poseidon
Poseidon is primarily the god of the sea but he is also associated with earthquakes and horses. His Roman equivalent is Neptune. Like the sea, Poseidon is unpredictable and easily aroused to anger. He is frequently pictured with a trident, a three-pronged spear which is used by fishermen.

Hestia
Hestia is the goddess of the family hearth and its fire. By extension, she came to be regarded as the guardian of the home, the family, the local community and the state as the whole. Vesta is her Roman name.

The Vestal Virgins
The rites of Vesta were performed by priestesses who were called the Vestal Virgins; each of whom took a vow of virginity in honor of the goddess they served.

Demeter
Demeter is the goddess of the grain and the Earth’s fertility in general. Her Roman equivalent is Ceres. Demeter’s marriage to Zeus produced a daughter names Persephone (Roman: Proserpina). Demeter and Persephone represented essentially the same thing: the fertility of the Earth. When a distinction was made, Persephone represented the seed and Demeter, the blossoming grain.

Artemis
The birth of Artemis marks the second generation of the gods of Olympus. Diana is the Roman equivalent to Artemis. Artemis is the goddess of wild nature and of the animals who live there. She is often portrayed as the huntress with a bow and arrow, but she also carefully protects the animals in her domain. She could be unpredictable, like the open country. She could be benevolent and merciful but also harsh and deadly.

Apollo
Apollo is a god said to be as complex and mysterious as Zeus. He is the god of reason and moderation, the giver of laws and thus, the rewarder of right action and the punisher of the wrong. He is, along with his sister Artemis, a god of archery and could send disease or cure to humans with his arrow. He was the god of the sun as Artemis is of the moon. He is also the god of poetry and music, and, in what perhaps his best known attribute, prophecy.

Athena
Athena is a virgin goddess of domestic arts and crafts, of wisdom and war. She is the patroness of Athens and the protector of the cities, in general. She is known to Romans as Minerva. According to stories, an early goddess of wisdom, Métis, became pregnant by Zeus. It is foretold that her child would produce a son who will overthrow Zeus. To keep the prophecy from being fulfilled, Zeus swallowed Metis as she was about to give birth. Athena, their child, burst forth from his head. Zeus now becomes both the mother and the father of the child and has avoided the consequences of the prophecy.

Ares
He is the son of Zeus and Hera and is considered the god of war. He represents the uncontrollable frenzy of battle and all the destruction and horrors of war.

Aphrodite
She is the goddess of physical love and passionate desire. Her Roman equivalent is Venus. Some say that she is the daughter of Zeuz and Dione,a daughter of Oceanus. Other claims that she is born from the mating of “aphros” which means foam of the sea. She is married to Hephaestus, but largely due to her nature, she has many affairs.

Hephaestus
He is the master craftsman and metal worker of the gods. His forge is always a place of much activity as he designs and produces ingenious and artistic creations.

Hermes
While Hermes is the youngest of the gods, he had very primitive origin. He is the messenger of Zeus, the herald of the gods, the guide of travelers, the leader of spirits of the underworld, giver of fertility and the patrons of orators, writers, businessmen, thieves and athletes. His Roman name is Mercury. As a messenger and herald of the gods, he is pictured wearing a broad-rimmed hat, and with winged shoes or sandals.

Hades
Hades is the god of the underworld. His name means,the “ unseen one”. The Greeks hesitated a lot to mention his name so they often called him Pluto, which means “ rich” or “ wealthy” to refer to both the number of the spirits under his authority and to the fact that all crops grow from beneath the Earth. The Romans borrowed the name Pluto from the Greeks to refer to their god of the underworld. Although, they also call him Dis. His wife is Persephone.

Dionysus
He is the god of wine and by extension, everything associated with it. Dionysus was from the beginning associated with the fertility of the grape vine and gradually this function expanded to include fertility in general ( crop, animal, human).He is in this regard, the male counterpart of Demeter.

Tuesday, June 4, 2013

Ang Katangian ng Wikang Filipino at ng iba pang mga Wika sa Mundo




Sinulat ni: Paulo C. Dorongon

Ang wika ay pantao
          Ang wika ay pantao dahil ito and makataong pamamaraan ng pagpapahayag ng ating mga kaisipan,saloobin o damdamin.Ito rin and pinakakasangkapan ng pagpapalitan ng ideya,kuro-kuro, atbp.Ang tao ay may kakayahang gumamit ng wika dahil napapaunlad niya ito.Nakabubuo siya ng mga tunog na may kahulugan at hindi gaya-gaya lamang.
Ang wika ay arbitrary
          Ang wika ay arbitraryo sa dahilan na ito ‘yong mga salitang pinagkasunduan ng mga tao para gamitin nila sa pang araw-araw na pamumuhay.Dahil sa arbitraryo, nakakabuo ang mga tao ng iba’t ibang salita na sila lamang ang nagkakaunawaan.Isang halimbawa nito ang salitang  “tsibog” na ang ibig sabihin ay kakain na.
Ang wika ay natatangi
          Ang wika ay natatangi sa dahilan na ito ang ating pinakainstrumento sa komunikasyon.Dahil ito’y natatangi ikanga,tayo’y pinagbubuklod-buklod at pinag-iisa para lalo pang paunlarin ang wikang mayroon tayo ngayon.Ito rin ang dahilan kung bakit napapanatili ng bawat isa ang magandang pag sasamahan o pagkakaibigan.Ito rin and dahilan kung bakit tayo’y nakabubuo ng mga ideyang kaakit-akit para mapakinabangan ng ibang taong lubos pang nangangailangan ng kaalaman.
Ang wika ay nagbubuklod ng bansa
          Kung walang wika,wala tayong matatag na bansa.Ang wika ay nagbubuklod ng bansa dahil ( halimbawa) alam natin na noong unang panahon ay sobra ang kalupitan ng mga dayuhan partikular na and mga Kastila.Dahil sa wikang Filipino,binuklod nito ang ating mga ninuno/bayani na isulong ang pag-aalsa sa pamamagitan ng pagsulat ng mg a kwento at iba’t ibang babasahin na parang sila-sila lang ang nagkakaunawaan.Dahil sa walang kamalay-malay ang mga Kastila kung ano ang mga ‘yon,nakamit ng ating mga kababayan ang kanilang inaasam.
Ikanga ang wika at kultura ay ‘di mapaghihiwalay
          Tama! Sa dahilan na ang bawat wika ng mga tao saan mang panig ng mundo ay nakabatay sa kung anong kultura mayroon sila.Dahil din sa kulturang angkin ng kanilang bansa,lubos nila itong napapaunlad dahil pinagbubuklod sila ng kanilang wikang ginagamit.Ano mang kultura mayroon tayo, itong wika ang syang kumukuntrol